2.1+Human+Interaction+with+the+Environment

**Anthropogenic ** (from the Greek meaning "man-made") effects, processes, or materials are those that are derived from activities, as opposed to those occurring in [|biophysical environments] without human influence. The term is often used in the context of environmental [|externalities] in the form of [|chemical] or [|biological] [|wastes] that are produced as [|by-products] of otherwise purposeful human activities. The term //anthropogenic// an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist A. P. Pavlov, and was first used in English by British ecologist [|Arthur Tansley] in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. The atmospheric scientist [|Paul Crutzen] introduced the term "anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. [|[2]] Shortly after, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina published a series of articles putting forward the idea of the impact of [|chlorofluorocarbons] (CFCs) on the [|stratospheric ozone]. The term is sometimes used in the context of [|pollution] emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment..   Sources Anthropogenic sources include [|industry], [|agriculture] , [|botany] , [|mining] , [|transportation] , [|construction] , [|habitations] , [|environmental design] , and purposeful changes such as [|afforestation]. **Industry ** § Release of gases and dust into the atmosphere, leading to [|climate change]. §  [|Waste disposal] practices. §  [|Air pollution], [|water pollution] , [|light pollution]. § Creation of urban biomes in places such as [|rooftop gardens] and abandoned [|brownwater] sites. **Agriculture ** § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Conversion and [|Habitat fragmentation] of [|hardwood] and [|coniferous] [|forests], tropical [|rainforests] , [|woodlands] , [|chaparral] and [|shrublands] , and native [|grasslands] into farming fields and [|pastures] ; including by [|clearcutting] and [|slash-and-burn] methods. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diversion of surface water (rivers) and extraction of [|groundwater] (aquifers). § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ground water [|salinization] due to inadequate drainage, as in the [|Salton Sea], [|Coachella Valley]. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pollution of soil and water by [|chemicals] found in [|fertilizer] and [|pesticides]. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Alteration of [|nitrogen cycle] via [|Haber-Bosch] process and planting of [|legumes]. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|Freshwater ecology] degradation; Runoff caused [|algal blooms] and resulting anoxic environments in lakes, ponds, and streams. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Enriching of fallowed lands by crop rotation. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|Afforestation] ; [|Restoration ecology] in [|Land reclamation] of degraded habitats, increasing support for [|biodiversity] § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|Deforestation] ; [|Disturbance] practices for creation of temporarily rich soils; such as [|slash-and-char] for "terra preta". **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Botany ** § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|Invasive species] introduction, [|noxious weeds] establishment, [|ecosystem] and [|habitat] disruption and destruction. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The human alteration of plants by breeding, [|cultivar] selection and reproduction, [|genetic engineering] and tissue fusion (see [|cultigen] ) § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|Genetic pollution] of native [|flora] and [|habitats], and in agriculture. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Genetic pollution of [|indigenous] [|fauna] and domesticated stock, such as the [|beefalo]. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mining ** § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Removal of [|topsoil], and creation of spoil piles, and [|water pollution]. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diversion and pollution of [|groundwater] by [|mine] tunnels and shafts. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|Surface runoff] bearing mining wastes. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Release of [|air pollution] by mining activity and [|refining] processes. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Altering of nirogen cycle by mining of [|guano] § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Creation of artificial wetlands and lakes in for [|strip mined] areas, providing habitat for [|introduced species], and possibly [|endangered species]. = **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Construction ** = § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Removal of natural [|habitats] by grading and building § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Conversion of plains to lumber plantations [|afforestation], converting old or second growth mixed woodlands into plantation monocultures. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diversion of [|groundwater]. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> [|urban heat island] effect § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Soil compaction and compression, reducing groundwater recharging. § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Filling in [|marshes], [|bays] , [|swamps] , [|ponds] , [|stream beds] , destroying [|habitats] and natural water systems ( [|hydrology] ).